Coverage and Deployment Analysis of Narrowband Internet of Things in the Wild

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is gaining momentum as a promising technology for massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). Given that its deployment is rapidly progressing worldwide, measurement campaigns and performance analyses are needed to better understand the system and move toward its enhancement. With this aim, this paper presents a large scale measurement campaign and empirical analysis of NB-IoT on operational networks, and discloses valuable insights in terms of deployment strategies and radio coverage performance. The reported results also serve as examples showing the potential usage of the collected dataset, which we make open-source along with a lightweight data visualization platform.Comment: Accepted for publication in IEEE Communications Magazine (Internet of Things and Sensor Networks Series

rQUIC: Integrating FEC with QUIC for robust wireless communications

QUIC, fostered by Google and under standardization in the IETF, integrates some of HTTP/s, TLS, and TCP functionalities over UDP. One of its main goals is to facilitate transport protocol design, with fast evolution and innovation. However, congestion control in QUIC is still severely jeopardized by packet losses, despite implemented loss recovery mechanisms, whose behavior strongly depends on the Round Trip Time. In this paper, we design and implement rQUIC, a framework that enables FEC within QUIC protocol to improve its performance over wireless networks. The main idea behind rQUIC is to reduce QUIC's loss recovery time by making it robust to erasures over wireless networks, as compared to traditional transport protocol loss detection and recovery mechanisms. We evaluate the performance of our solution by means of extensive simulations over different type of wireless networks and for different applications. For LTE and Wifi networks, our results illustrate significant gains of up to 60% and 25% savings in the completion time for bulk transfer and web browsing, respectively.Özgü Alay was partially supported the Norwegian Research Council project No. 250679 (MEMBRANE). Ramón Agüero was partially supported by the Spanish Government (MINECO, MCIU, AEI, FEDER) by means of the projects ADVICE: Dynamic provisioning of connectivity in high density 5G wireless scenarios (TEC2015-71329-C2-1-R) and FIERCE: Future Internet Enabled Resilient Cities (RTI2018-093475-A-100)

Energy efficiency in short and wide-area IoT technologies—A survey

In the last years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a key application context in the design and evolution of technologies in the transition toward a 5G ecosystem. More and more IoT technologies have entered the market and represent important enablers in the deployment of networks of interconnected devices. As network and spatial device densities grow, energy efficiency and consumption are becoming an important aspect in analyzing the performance and suitability of different technologies. In this framework, this survey presents an extensive review of IoT technologies, including both Low-Power Short-Area Networks (LPSANs) and Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs), from the perspective of energy efficiency and power consumption. Existing consumption models and energy efficiency mechanisms are categorized, analyzed and discussed, in order to highlight the main trends proposed in literature and standards toward achieving energy-efficient IoT networks. Current limitations and open challenges are also discussed, aiming at highlighting new possible research directions

An Open Dataset of Operational Mobile Networks

Mobile networks have become ubiquitous and the primary meansto access the Internet, and the traffic they generate has rapidlyincreased over the last years. The technology and service diversityin mobile networks call for extensive and accurate measurementsto ensure the proper functioning of the networks and rapidly spotimpairments. However, the measurement of mobile networks iscomplicated by their scale, and, thus, expensive, especially due tothe diversity of deployments, technologies, and web services. Inthis paper, we present and provide access to the largest open in-ternational mobile network dataset collected using the MONROEplatform spanning six countries, 27 mobile network operators, and120 measurement nodes. We use them to run measurements tar-geting several web services from January 2018 to December 2019,collecting millions of TCP and UDP flows using these commercialmobile networks. We illustrate the data collection platforms and de-scribe some of the main experiments. Besides a high-level overviewof the dataset, we provide two practical use cases. First, we showhow our data can be used as a proxy for web service performance.Second, we study the content delivery infrastructure of Facebook

Robust QUIC: integrating practical coding in a low latency transport protocol

We introduce rQUIC, an integration of the QUIC protocol and a coding module. rQUIC has been designed to feature different coding/decoding schemes and is implemented in go language. We conducted an extensive measurement campaign to provide a thorough characterization of the proposed solution. We compared the performance of rQUIC with that of the original QUIC protocol for different underlying network conditions as well as different traffic patterns. Our results show that rQUIC not only yields a relevant performance gain (shorter delays), especially when network conditions worsen, but also ensures a more predictable behavior. For bulk transfer (long flows), the delay reduction almost reached 70% when the frame error rate was 5%, while under similar conditions, the gain for short flows (web navigation) was approximately 55%. In the case of video streaming, the QoE gain (p1203 metric) was, approximately, 50%.This work was supported in part by the Basque Government through the Elkartek Program under the Hodei-x Project under Agreement KK-2021/00049; in part by the Spanish Government through the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) through the Future Internet Enabled Resilient smart CitiEs (FIERCE) under Grant RTI2018-093475-AI00; and in part by the Industrial Doctorates Program of the University of Cantabria under Grant Call 2019

Experience : Implications of roaming in Europe

The authors appreciate the valuable comments provided by the anonymous reviewers and the guidance of our anonymous shepherd. This work has been partially supported by the European Union H2020-ICT grants 644399 (MONROE) and 688421 (MAMI). The work of Marcelo Bagnulo has been partially funded by H2020 project MONROE/CGNWatcher and the 5G-City project (TEC2016-76795-C6-3-R). The work of Anna Maria Mandalari was partially funded by the H2020 project 5G-Range (777137). Part of this research was supported by Bayrisches Wissenschaftsforum (BayWISS) in the context of the Verbundkolleg “Mobilität und Verkehr”. Part of this work was carried out while Andra Lutu was with Simula Research Laboratory, NorwayPostprin

In-depth Study of RNTI Management in Mobile Networks: Allocation Strategies and Implications on Data Trace Analysis

International audienceThe advance of mobile network technologies and components heavily relies on data-driven techniques. This is especially true for fifth generation (5G) and the upcoming sixth generation (6G) networks, as the optimization of network components and protocols is expected to be fueled by artificial intelligence (AI) based solutions. When using real-world radio access measurement traces, the identity of individual users is not directly accessible because at runtime operation Base Stations (BSs) assign Radio Network Temporary Identifiers (RNTIs) to users. RNTIs are not bound to a user but are reused upon expiration of an inactivity timer, whose duration is operator dependent. This implies that, over time, multiple users are mapped to the same RNTI. In fact, the allocation of RNTIs to users is implemented in diverse and proprietary ways by operators and equipment vendors. Distinguishing individual users within the RNTI space is a non-trivial task and key to analyze traffic traces properly. In this paper, we make the following contributions: i) we propose and validate two complementary methodologies to identify the RNTI inactivity threshold, and we characterize ii) the RNTI allocation process of network operators, and iii) the user traffic patterns given the specific RNTI allocation process. Our study is based on a large dataset we collected from production BSs of several mobile network operators across five different countries. We find that there exist heterogeneous strategies for RNTI allocation that BSs dynamically use depending on the traffic load and daytime. We further observe that the RNTI expiration threshold is in the order of minutes, and demonstrate how using thresholds around 10 seconds, as in the vast majority of the literature, can bias subsequent analyses. Overall, our work provides an important step towards dependable mobile network trace analysis, and lays solid foundations to research relying on traffic traces for data-driven analysis

Gerçek zamanlı H.264 duarksız video iletimi için hızlı içsel/çerçeveler arası kip seçimi.

Video compression is a key technology used in several multimedia applications. Improvements in the compression techniques together with the increasing speed and optimized architecture of the new family processors enable us to use this technology more in real time systems. H.264 (also known as MPEG-4 Part 10 or AVC - Advanced Video Coding), is the latest video coding standard which is noted for achieving very high data compression. While H.264 is superior to its predecessors, it has a very high computational complexity which makes its costly for real time applications. Thus, in order to perform video encoding with satisfactory speed there is an obvious need for reducing the computational complexity. New algorithms were developed for this purpose. The developed algorithms were implemented on Texas Instrument TMS320C64x family to be able to fulfill the requirement in optimized signal processing hardware with low power consumption which arises from the computational complexity and the need for portable devices in video processing technology. With the new algorithms developed, a computation reduction of 55% was achieved without loosing perceptual image quality. Furthermore, the algorithms were implemented on a DSP along with the networking functionality to obtain a video streaming system. The final system may be used in a wide range of fields from surveillance systems to mobile systems.M.S. - Master of Scienc